FINANCIAL AND MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING Research Paper

Budgetary AND MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING - Research Paper Example This should be possible utilizing capital planning methods like Net present Value, Internal pace of return, Payback period and so forth (Murray State University, n.d.). The future incomes are limited utilizing the necessary pace of come back to check whether the venture is gainful for example it gives ‘value for money’. Just if the undertaking has a net positive income for example there is an increase much in the wake of paying for the expense related with the task, it merits contributing. The vital arranging includes reconciliation of a company’s choices regarding future business exercises which incorporate capital speculations and operational exercises. The operational necessities can be assessed by examining the spending prerequisites (Sagner, p.114). With respect to the city venture the operational necessity will require an adherence to the government norms. This will help in raising the measure of all out assets designated towards the city venture from the cu rrent degree of $10 million to $20 million. A key arrangement includes utilizing the set financial plan in the most productive way so all the infrastructural needs of the city are dealt with, giving different monetary impetuses to the new privately owned businesses and so forth. This can be as expense waiver for the initial 10 or 15 years; giving assets at modest loan fees; loosening up the administrative standards so the organizations can concentrate just on the business related exercises without making a big deal about clearances from different bodies. Notwithstanding, this doesn't seek free as this will require setting up sufficient divisions to encourage agreeable working conditions for the new organizations and optimizing certain exercises. This will require reserves thus it is significant that a legitimate arrangement is attracted as to evaluate the measure of cost that will go towards such exercises. Other than it is imperative to survey the net effect of these speculations f rom the money related just as social perspective. Proposition Statement-The planned sum must be spent such that it can bring about an inside and out turn of events and development of the city. The neighborhood authority intends to allocate this sum for foundation improvement, instructive projects, formation of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and so forth. Portion for foundation improvement The number of inhabitants in the city isn't exceptionally high. The city is indirectly situated from the nation capital. The foundation of the city isn't extremely evolved which is maybe the primary explanation that the city comes up short on a business set-up. To make the city appealing to the business network it is significant that reasonable foundation is set up. Without this the business will be unable to work easily. An all around set down street and rail administrations helps in associating the remotest corners with significant business areas in different pieces of the nation. Just if a busine ss finds the infrastructural offices in a city to be legitimate they contribute else they may not step up. Now and again large business houses structure a union with the neighborhood government to build up the fundamental framework. Be that as it may, this may not be doable for little privately owned businesses as they have constrained assets. For this situation the neighborhood

Educational Philosophy :: Education Teaching Teachers Essays

Instructive Philosophy An instructive way of thinking is a calculated structure of individual and expert convictions. Encounters both inside and outside of the study hall will modify this way of thinking. An educator’s theory is ever changing and ought to be audited and reconsidered occasionally. In any case, at this methods of reasoning center a few components ought to never show signs of change. This paper will endeavor to reveal insight into what I accept to be solid components of any great teacher’s reasoning. While exploring my own musings and wants with regards to how I would like to accomplish most extreme learning. My own methodology to create self-propelled students. Harmony College gets ready it’s training majors well. We have been given an appropriate establishment to expand upon. We have been shown the correct techniques and speculations. While allowed a chance to build up our abilities through it’s showing temporary jobs and assignments. The Concord College Teacher Education program’s objective is to construct â€Å"informed keen choice makers.† This objective has been met. The significance of continually making proactive, intelligent, and retroactive choices has enrolled with me. What is lit up in my psyche is the way that educating is both and craftsmanship and a science. For this situation the science is the thing that I have begat as solid components of a decent instructors theory. While the craftsmanship is the means by which I will figure out how to control my own instructing qualities to the most extreme advantage for understudies. The science or solid components of my way of thinking is essentially what every single great educator must do. This isn't ought to do, yet should do. The first is to know their topic widely. They should know general showing techniques and quest for or grow new instructing systems. Instructors must utilize the proper evaluation level and consider the capacity levels of a class. Instructors must be delicate to every individual understudies culture, financial level, sexual orientation, and capacity level. For these things impact understudy learning and the homeroom. Maybe, the most significant component is knowing how understudies learn. Instructors must be able to fuse a wide range of styles of exercise plans and remember each and every understudy when structuring the plans.

Personal Essay Samples - Tips For How to Find the Best

Personal Essay Samples - Tips For How to Find the BestThe best personal essay samples are normally ones you have already created. After all, it is not enough to simply pick up some essay paper and write it. You have to know what to write about, how to structure your sentences, how to spell correctly, and how to present your thoughts clearly and logically.Essays need to be well-written, yet concisely written. So when you are browsing through essay samples it is important that you don't just pick up any page at random. First, make sure the text is carefully reviewed before you begin writing. Use a word processor and then print out the work so you can read it over again.Consider going through some of your own projects and work on your personal essay. Also, do not worry if you come up with more ideas than you can use. Why should you have to waste time and effort thinking about things you don't have to write about? Simply toss them away or discard them and start writing something new.When you begin working on a personal essay, you should first consider creating a plan. How are you going to proceed? Try to determine what will make the best use of the materials that you have available to you.First, you may want to look into hiring a professional writer to create the bulk of your work. If this is the case, it is important that you find someone who has experience in editing academic essays. It is also important that they have experience working with public speaking. This way you will not only be assured that the essays you write will be effective, but that you will be confident enough in their delivery to be able to deliver them with confidence.If you find that you don't have the time to search through essay samples, perhaps it would be a good idea to consider doing it yourself. Take some time to write your own project outline and then carefully review it for errors. If there are any mistakes, edit them quickly and begin the process over.Decide what topic you are going to write about and have a specific skill or talent in that area. If you enjoy writing, then you may want to consider creating a topic of your own. This is especially true if you have a professional job that leaves you little free time to devote to work on your personal essay samples.Once you have created a detailed outline of your project and created your topic for your personal essay, you are ready to begin writing. It is important that you select a topic that interests you and if possible someone you know well.

Reconciliation And The Forgotten African American - 867 Words

Written Assignment 3: Reconciliation and the Forgotten African-American Jessica Howell History 2010 Dr. Michael Ramey December 3, 2015 Howell 2 The Campaign rhetoric of Horace Greeley in 1872, the religious revivals of D.L. Moody, and the yellow fever epidemic of 1878 influenced northern white attitudes regarding African Americans in the South in a way that actually had a negative impact. I had no idea these three events could have had the ability to, in a sense, set back the progress that could and should have been for African-Americans. To me, it is not so much of an attitude whites had regarding African-Americans as much as a complete erasure from their memories as to what should have been happening with regard to helping the African-American population to properly integrate into American society. Horace Greeley had been a strong abolitionist for many years and was concerned about the newly freed African-American people. Greeley had championed a program of economic assistance education and equal rights for African-Americans (McPherson). However, Greeley seemed to abandon his original ideas and moved more towards a priority of reconciliation between the North and the South. Greeley s ideas for reconciliation and forgiveness for the South led many to believe the South would return to an environment that would have bee far worse than what the South had been prior to the Civil War. ThereShow MoreRelatedExpectations in Sonnys Blues, by James Baldwin Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesSegregation – prejudice – persecution: slavery had ended, but African-Americans were still forced to carve out a grim existence beneath the dispassionate stare of narrow-minded bigots. Soon, the Civil Rights Movement would gain momentum and drastically alter such social exclusion, but Jam es Baldwin writes his story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† before this transformation has occurred. In the style of other Post-Modernist writers of his day, Baldwin invents two brothers, Sonny and the narrator, who seem to haveRead MoreWhat Was The Impact Of The Civil Rights Movement1325 Words   |  6 Pagesend racial segregation against African Americans and to provide the equal citizenship rights mentioned in the U.S. Constitution. It occurred between 1954 and 1968, especially in the South and was a struggle by African Americans to achieve civil rights equal to whites including equal availability in employment, housing, education, freedom to vote, equal access to public facilities, and free of racial discrimination. Before Civil Rights Movement Act, African Americans had faced a discrimination in theRead MoreA Reasoned Reconstruction Of The Past2140 Words   |  9 Pagesmemory was forgotten or remembered according to what seemed beneficial to the country and its communities . As the North and South were focusing on the reconciliation vision, the emancipationist vision and the question of the millions of slaves that somewhat started the war was overwhelmed and overlooked for sake of reunion, which changed how the war would be viewed later. After the war had occurred, many whites were focusing on healing their broken families, and bringing the American family backRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr., A Political Icon Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagesracial equality, his faith in the ultimate triumph of justice, and his insistence on the power of nonviolent struggle to bring about a major transformation of American society- are as vital and timely as ever. Many seek a leader that can provide assurance to their lives. Martin Luther Kings dream became that beacon of hope to African Americans and everyone seeking equality and justice. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. inspired people throughout the world to strive for the ideals of equality and non-violence;Read MoreConflict And Compromise : Nelson Mandela1512 Words   |  7 Pagesresolute struggle, Nelson Mandela embodied the bold and the willing in the South Africans’ fight against racism and inequality, meeting both conflict and compromise with a power-hungry and largely unwilling government in his fight for the freedom of the nation’s majority. â€Å"For the many blacks who have begun to call themselves African Americans, [Mandela] is the flesh-and-blood exemplar of what an African can be. For Americans of all colors, weary of their nation’s perennial racial standoffs, [he] offersRead MoreMichael Jackson Sang The Famous Line, If You Wan Na Make The World A Better Place1495 Words   |  6 Pagesnotion that all individuals in society are essentially human, even in spite of humanity s tendency to demonize other belief systems. Even Saint Mother Theresa agreed with this point, once saying that â€Å"if we have no peace, it is because we have forgotten that we belong to each other.† The only way to reconcile the fact that differences don’t corrupt our humanity is in society’s willingness to be flexible to different points of view and recognize the structures of prejudice in a modern context. WhatRead More Armenian Massacres Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pagesmaintaining a friendship with Turkey. Our bases in the area have become ever more valuable. Unsurprisingly, this can strain relations between the United States government and Armenian-Americans. Many of them lost mothers, fathers, siblings, neighbors or friends in the Armenian massacres and they have certainly not forgotten the tragedy of these deaths. As Armenians see the continuing support of Israel by the United States in the religious battles of the Middle East, it is difficult to justify the UnitedRead MoreEssay on Intervention Studies of Forgivene ss: A Meta Analysis1276 Words   |  6 Pagesoften make racist jokes about different cultures especially African American. For example, I was discriminated against when trying to find an apartment in this same area. There was a large banner broadcasting apartments for rent. I went over and tried to rent an apartment and was told there were no vacant apartments. I always try to view the situation from both perspectives. I thought maybe the complex was full, and the sign had been forgotten about until one of my coworkers had the same experience withRead MoreDomestic Problems Of African Americans2197 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract Living in the Southern parts of the United States since the end of the Civil War was not easy for people of color especially African-Americans. Because of a great deal of economic uncertainty, it was gravely difficult to attain financial security as well as be treated as an equal instead of a piece a property which had been the case for over three hundred years. Nearly one-fourth of all white Southerners owned slaves, and upon the backs of these slaves, the economic basis of America andRead MoreThe Freedom Riders : The Law Of Segregation For Public Transportation Essay2082 Words   |  9 Pagesbelief, although nothing will ever change the struggles these riders went through. This research will deeply explain only some of the hardships the Freedom Riders dealt with, as well as the brutality they faced. It will continue to explain how African Americans are still facing racial profiling, and prejudice acts daily. Ultimately, this research will continue by describing how they felt personally, and even how white civilians felt about these brutal incidents which occurred. Acknowledging these hero’s

The Rise And Fall Of Al Capone - 2250 Words

The Rise and Fall of Al Capone Katharine Sexton California Baptist University Abstract In a time when the American Society for the Promotion of Temperance was trying to bring about change for the moral good of the country. Their intentions were taken advantage of and twisted into a multimillion dollar industry. That would give birth to one of the largest organized crime syndications, as well as to the rise of a man who for short time would control the largest organized crime syndications in the country, and his own bravado would bring him to his knees. The Rise and Fall of Al Capone (Sandbrook, 2012) states in an age when individual freedom is all, it comes as something as a shock to reflect that in the world’s most prosperous and dynamic country the prohibition of alcohol lasted for almost fourteen years. During this time, it allowed the gangs of Chicago to assert the influence and power on not only the people but politicians and the government. It also created a cultural identity, we celebrate these individuals in movies and song. When they should be vilified for the horrible blood baths that were so public and out of control. It seems that not only did Al Capone and his men have no problem with breaking the law by murdering anyone who got in his way, but he broke the word of God by not obeying one of the simplest of commandments. Thou shalt not kill Exodus 20:13 (Holy Bible, 1998). The Rise Who knew that one moral act could lead to such chaos and crime in one country.Show MoreRelatedGet Capone: the Rise and Fall of America’s Most Wanted Gangster1696 Words   |  7 PagesGet Capone: The Rise and Fall of America’s Most Wanted Gangster Al Capone. Everyone is bound to hear the name at least once in his or her life. The charming, broad smile, the greenish gray eyes, heavy set, and five foot ten and a half; a seemingly normal man. Until someone notices the scars. A faded purple, still fresh looking, Al Capone’s scars marred the normal face, they gave a glance into the life of the notorious gangster. But who was Mr. Alphonse â€Å"Scarface† Capone? One reporter comments,Read MoreIdentification And Evaluation Of Sources1315 Words   |  6 Pages1920 to 1933 (See Table 3 of the Appendix). The Volstead act also lead to the rise of Al Capone who ravaged areas of Chicago and other parts of the country with organized crime. An example of this would be the St. Valentine s Day Massacre in which members of Al Capone s gang posed as police officers and gunned down members of rival gangs (Origins of Organized Crime, 3) Desperation for alcohol consumption lead to the rise of bootleggers and speakeasies. The poor b order control along the Canada-UnitedRead MoreCriminal Activity During The 1920s2140 Words   |  9 Pagescontribute to an individual’s persona. As these factors were sought to be obtained, many criminal engagements were enacted. These crimes included but were not limited to, bootlegging, organized crime, scandals and murder, which were set by the infamous Al Capone and the Mafia, with contribution to the corruption of the FBI, the KKK and their racial and religious prejudice, Leopold and Loeb, and Warren G. Harding, in relation to the Teapot Dome Scandal. All of these acts are relative to modern society asRead MoreProhibition : America s Unhappy Hour Essay1726 Words   |  7 PagesProhibition: America’s Unhappy Hour In the United States, the consumption of alcohol is more or less ingrained in American culture. Whether beer at the baseball game, wine from Napa Valley, or bourbon from Kentucky, alcohol has shaped American culture. The rise in immigration during the late 1800s and early 1900s led to towns establishing saloons in order to lure in potential customers and boost the local economy. By 1900, there were nearly 300,000 saloons—Kansas City alone had over 100 saloons for everyRead MoreProhibition and the Rise of Organized Crime4837 Words   |  20 PagesProhibition and the Rise of Organized Crime Peter H. Mitchell Neumann University Thesis: Although prohibitions goal was to increase a sense of integrity in the United States, it encouraged normally law-abiding citizens to break the law, enabled the growth and influence of organized crime, and increased levels of corruption in government and law-enforcement. Outline: I. Introduction      A. Definition of Prohibition   Ã‚   B. Eighteenth Amendment   Ã‚   C. Medicinal Use D. Sacramental Use II. AffectsRead MoreGangs and Organized Crime in the United States3905 Words   |  16 PagesGangs and Organized Crime in the United States Criminal Justice Janaree Nagel 10/15/2011 Gangs and Organized Crime in the United States is on the rise. With the increase in turf wars, position and the financial gains, gang wars and Organized Crime are linked together in many ways. Within this paper, I will show how they are all tied together in. The M-13’s are the largest reported gang controlling large areas of our states. However, the largest area to which the MS-13’s controlRead MoreThe Rise of Organized Crime in the United States Essays1798 Words   |  8 Pagesorganizations. The â€Å"Noble Experiment† would also help organized crime to gain momentum. Criminals were able to provide the people with something they wanted, and with alcohol being illegal, they were able to make smuggling into a big business. The rise of organized crime began, due to the recent waves of immigrants from Europe, and also that the United States tried to limit the consumption of alcohol. The fight for prohibition began as early as 1673. Religious leaders believed that since peopleRead MoreThe Italian Mob And The Russian Mafia1323 Words   |  6 Pagespop up in the United States with a similar structure to current days. Prohibition caused men to begin the manufacturing and distribution of alcohol under the government’s radar. There was one name that stood out from all the others, Al Capone a.k.a. â€Å"Scarface.† Capone set the stage for organized crime in America and thrust it into the spotlight. It wouldn’t be for a couple decades though that the larger groups would begin to have a significant presence in the US. As America opened its borders in theRead MoreThe Drug Of The United States2009 Words   |  9 Pagesgrew up in the district of Sinaloa where he lived with his parents, two younger sisters, and younger brothers. Sources believe he had three additional younger brothers, who apparently died from natural causes (â€Å"Joaquin El Chapo Guzman: The rise and fall of Mexico s drug lord.†). Chapo grew up the oldest brother which meant being protective as well as intimidating, which is where he gets a strong backbone. His father, Emilio Guzmà ¡n Bustillos, was a well-known alcoholic and his mother was the saintRead MoreWhy was Prohibition such a controversial issue during the 1920’s1369 Words   |  6 Pagespolicy. Whilst there is no question that Prohibition contributed to the rise of crime and gangsterism in the 1920s, it was not as dramatic during as is sometimes claimed, with the concentration of crime in the cities distorting the national picture and a general trend of a fall in drink related crime. Prohibition certainly brought about an increase in organised crime. In Chicago, Al Capone was able to rule by force and through bribery of officials (the mayor of

The Equal Protection Clause From The Fourteenth Amendment

The Equal Protection Clause derives from the Fourteenth Amendment, which specifies â€Å"no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As a part of the Reconstruction Amendments, the aforementioned clause was meant to ensure racial equality in the Reconstruction Period and has been applied successfully against the affirmative action. Introduced in United States v. Carolene Products Co., the strict scrutiny has been applied to the cases, in which a fundamental constitutional rights have been infringed or a government action applies to a suspect classification (i.e. race, religion, national background). Specifically, in regards to Bakke v. Regents of University of California, the Supreme Court (â€Å"the Court†) concluded that, considering that the University of California, Davis received several Caucasian applicants for its special admission program in 1973 and 1974 and that none of the applicants received the admissio n to the program since the start, the program unfairly administered in favor of minority races and, therefore, violated the rights of the white applicants under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Furthermore, from Hopwood v. State of Texas, the Fifth Circuit Court ruled under strict scrutiny that, the affirmative action imposed by the University of Texas School of Law (â€Å"the law school†) violates the Fourteenth Amendment since neither the law school nor the University of Texas system has proved a proof ofShow MoreRelatedThe Fourteenth And Fourteenth Amendment1018 Words   |  5 PagesThe Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendment Want to learn how everyone is equal? On May 17, 1954 the United States Supreme Court came to a decision that had immediate repercussions on the lives of black and white American citizens. Historic moment experiences have continually characterized these people into distinct racial and social entities. The thirteenth and fourteenth amendment had a positive affect on the problem of racism and segregation.The thirteenth amendment was created to abolishRead MoreThe Road Brown V. Board Of Education Of Topeka ( 347 U.s.1455 Words   |  6 PagesHistorical Setting The road to Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (347 U.S. 74 (1954)), is littered with many Supreme Court cases that have battled for equality in education. The Fourteenth Amendment strengthened the legal rights of newly slaves and became the stomping ground for many Supreme Court decisions. There were six separate cases concerning the issue of segregation in public schools that was heard and consolidated into the one case named Brown v. Board of Education. The cases includedRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1552 Words   |  7 Pagescountry for over 200 years. The Bill of Rights, also known has the first Ten Amendments of the Constitution, has protected the unalienable rights of citizens in the United State. Selective incorporation was used in order to nationalize the Bill of Rights and protect the immunities, rights, and privileges of all United States citizens within the states. The success of Selective Incorporation, along with the 14th Amendment, ensured that states could not put in place any laws that took away the constitutionalRead MoreThe Rights Of State Governments And The Federal Government1442 Words   |  6 Pages1868, the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified stating â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the j urisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protectionRead MoreEssay on Affirmative Action1018 Words   |  5 Pagesconsideration. The Fourteenth Amendment states that no person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. As a result, Affirmative action is not consistent with the Fourteenth Amendment. In this essay, I will first discuss the violation of Affirmative Action against the Fourteenth Amendment. Second, how AffirmativeRead MoreLoving V. Virginia, Introduc tion, Facts, Legal Background1567 Words   |  7 PagesLoving v. Virginia Interracial marriage: Respecting the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. I. INTRODUCTION This case note will examine the 1967 landmark Supreme Court case of Loving v. Virginia. The Loving v. Virginia case touched on constitutional principles including equality, federalism, and liberty. Just over 30 years ago, it was a crime for interracial couples in Virginia to marry, or to live as husband and wife. Prior to the 1967 case of Loving v. VirginiaRead MoreAffirmative Action Essay 341025 Words   |  5 Pagesconsideration. The Fourteenth Amendment states that no person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. As a result, Affirmative action is not consistent with the Fourteenth Amendment. In this essay, I will first discuss the violation of Affirmative Action against the Fourteenth Amendment. Second, howRead MoreThe Constitutional Court Book By Jack Fruchtman Jr.1331 Wor ds   |  6 Pages The Right to â€Å"Liberty† and the Right to Equal Protection in the Fourteenth Amendment In the United States Constitution, the Fourteenth Amendment states â€Å"No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.† (Law.Cornell) Many of the cases that haveRead MoreThe Amendment Of Same Sex Marriage1441 Words   |  6 Pagescouples to marry or have a marriage license. The Fourteenth Amendment talks about the right for Due Process. The Fourteenth Amendment protects privacy rights. Obergefell vs Hodges talks about same sex marriage. Some states did not want to give marriage licenses to the same sex and that was part of the issue in Obergefell versus Hodges. In the 1980s, it was hard to be gay or lesbian. It was considered criminal in some states. The Fourteenth Amendment does support the case of same sex marriages. ForRead More The Fourteenth Amendment and Equality Under the Law Essay774 Words   |  4 PagesThe Fourteenth Amendment and Equality Under the Law The Fourteenth Amendment was adopted in 1868 as one of the longest amendments to the Constitution with five parts in total. The most significant part is section one. In the very first sentence of section one, ? All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, as citizens of the United States and of the state where in they reside? citizenship was universalized. The Amendment was designed to prohibit

Report on Psychology Social Dominance Orientation Scale

Question: Discuss about theReport on Psychologyfor Social Dominance Orientation Scale. Answer: Introduction Scholars and philosophers analyzing the abilities of individuals in interpreting emotional content, engaging in rational reflections and measuring societal individual differences in the hierarchy have stood the test of time. Barchard developed the metaphors test which uses the five point Likert scale to help in the measuring of the ability of an individual to interpret sensitive contents (Hintikka, 2013). However, this idea was not understood by the public until Frederick proposed the cognitive reflection test that assesses the various degrees of engagement of individuals in the completion of skills. Furthermore, the social dominance orientation scale as explained by Henkel and Stewart allows for the measuring of differences in the hierarchy of people in the society. Currently, these abilities prove essential in job situations because of the weight positioned on an individuals sentimental and cognitive possession (Frederick, 2005). Methodologies Used In the Study Participants The people who participated in this learning research were 268 first year students pursuing psychology, and the numerical values were 182 and 86 females and males respectively. Analysis of the Measures Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) Emotional intelligence influences how people reach to the conclusion of judgments on an individual level to realize outcomes that are constructive through utilizing distinct human behaviors (Curtis, Ochoa, Ladrazo Barchard) .Therefore, the cognitive reflection test concept assesses reasoning abilities which are specific in nature, and require an individual to choose a deliberate and reflective answer over a wrong one. Additionally, it involves three items on brainteasers and the use of a format of the free response, with measures in time and risk preferences domain and has been used in the below example. For example, in the CRT test carried out on the first year psychology class, the following was determinable. Question; If the total cost of a ball and a bat is 1.10 dollars, and the ball is 1 dollar more than the ball, what is the price of the ball? Solution; Assuming that the price of the ball is X, and it costs one dollar more, its new value will be presented with the equation (X + 1) Therefore, the price of the bat and ball is expressed in the following equation; bat + ball = X + (X + 1) = 1.1.This is because the bat and ball are both pricing 1.10 dollars which mean that (2X + 1 = 1.1). Equivalently, 2X = 0.1 and therefore X = 0.05, meaning that ball costs 5 cents and the bat prices at 1.05 dollars each. Inherently, the study was based on the approach that if a participant answered a question correctly, the score they are awarded is three and zero for wrong answers. This is to say that two right answers attract a score of two and one right one is awarded a score of one. Metaphors Test Barchard and Hensley put forward the metaphors test which is used in the measurement of an individual's ability to relate emotional content from communication that is written. It consists of ten metaphors and applies the five-point Likert scale that assisted the participants to indicate the degree to which every metaphor raised each emotion (Li, 2013). The Likert scale refers to a one-dimensional and orderly scheme where respondents have the option of choosing the best answer that is in line with their view. All the choices have labels and in scoring and award of marks, the numbers are assigned to every option from 1 to 5 which are usually the most common ones. An example of a Likert scale on the response of participants on how the metaphor stated evoked memories through refreshing, guilt and upset. Agree strongly Relatively agree Neutral Disagree relatively Disagree strongly Does the metaphor morning be a sheet of clean paper evoke memories of upset, refresh or guilt? ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) The selection of questions is based on mathematical processes which include summing the scores for all items and calculating the connections between the items mentioned. For each item, the t-value is calculated for both the bottom and top quarters of the judges, leading to the rejection of those with lower values. This is because the higher the value of the question, the greater the extent of discrimination of the question and the lower the values, the minimal discrimination practices on the question. Social Dominance Orientation Scale Test (SDO) Social dominance orientation is used in the prediction of group vs. group behaviors and conflicts and it consists of two groups SDO dominance and SDO egalitarianism (Hindriks, Verkuyten Coenders, 2014). The structure of social dominance orientation scale used in the study of the participants is presented in the table below; SDO-Dominance (SDO-D) SDO-Egalitarianism(SDO-E) Portrait SDO-D: Portrait SDO-E: 1.Everybody benefits if their group is at the top 1.Group equality should not be pushed for 2.The idea that some groups are sharing quality top and 2. It is not proper guaranteeing equality in all aspects to groups Bottom is a good one. 3.For an ideal society, some groups have to be at the bottom 3.There is injustice in ensuring equity in all groups And others at the top (Todosijevi?,2016). 4.Some groups are always superior to others. 4.Equalityof groups should not be a priority. 5.Groups are always deserving regardless of their hierarchy 5.There is need for giving all groups a chance to succeed 6.There should be no domination by anyone in the society. 6.There is need for equalization of conditions for various groups 7.There should be an improvement for groups at the bottom. 7.All groups need to have the same life chances 8. The principle of dominance in groups is a poor one. 8.Equality in groups is the ideal situation Procedures The questionnaires were completed by the participants through the SurveyMonley on a PC in the tutorial classroom of students. Results The results of the study are summarized in the table below; Correlations 1 2 3 1. SDO _ 2. Metaphors Test -.22* _ 3. CRT -.18* .06 _ * Significant at p .05, ** significant at p .01 This means that for metaphors test, answers aligned according to opinions and are assigned to options 1 to 5 and for CRT, two right answers attract a score of two and one right one is awarded a score of one. Conclusion In conclusion, the metaphors, social dominance orientation scale and the cognitive reflection tests are indispensable in carrying out the studies on the ability of persons to handle and apply real life situations. References Barchard, K. A., Hensley, S., Anderson, E. D., Walker, H. E. (2013). Measuring the ability to perceive the emotional connotations of written language.Journal of personality assessment,95(4), 332-342. Frederick, S. (2005). Cognitive reflection and decision making.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,19(4), 25-42. Herreid, C. F., Schiller, N. A., Herreid, K. F., Wright, C. B. (2014). A chat with the survey monkey: case studies and the flipped classroom.Journal of College Science Teaching,44(1), 75-80. Hindriks, P., Verkuyten, M., Coenders, M. (2014). Dimensions of social dominance orientation: The roles of legitimizing myths and national identification.European Journal of Personality,28(6), 538-549. Hintikka, J. (Ed.). (2013).Aspects of metaphor(Vol. 238). Springer Science Business Media. Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., Kteily, N., Sheehy-Skeffington, J., Pratto, F., Henkel, K. ... Stewart, A. (2015). The nature of social dominance orientation: Introducing the Social Dominance Orientation-7 Scale.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Holmes, T. (2016). The motivation for political attitudes: The relationship between behavioral approach and inhibition systems and political orientation. Li, Q. (2013). A novel Likert scale based on fuzzy sets theory.Expert Systems with Applications,40(5), 1609-1618. Roe, M., Curtis, M. G., Ochoa, E., Ladrazo, L. M., Barchard, K. A. Measuring Emotional Intelligence: Examining the Discriminant Validity of the Metaphors Test. Todosijevi?, B. (2016). Tolerance of Diversity and Diversity of Intolerance: Evidence from Serbia.Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 1-13.

In what ways did the dual Kingship of Sparta reflect (or perpetuate) other aspects of Spartan society Essay Example

In what ways did the dual Kingship of Sparta reflect (or perpetuate) other aspects of Spartan society Essay Sparta, as countless others scholars have noted, was a world apart from the other poleis in Ancient Greece in its customs. It was one of the few poleis to retain a Kingship, and as doubly odd to have had a Dyarchy two Kings reigning simultaneously, one each from the Agiad and Eurypontid lines respectively. Is it possible, in fact, that this strange royal partnership reflected and maybe even in some way fuelled the peculiar habits of Lacedaemonian society? I wish to explore the nature of the Kings role in the Spartan constitution, their role in Spartan religion and their powers commanding the army. I will also explore their role in diplomacy. The concept that we have of archaic monarchs (in this case, dyarchs), especially many of those during the Hellenistic era (like Phillip II Alexander I of Macedon, the Great Kings of Persia and later on into history) is that of absolute control and to check that power. In Sparta, it was a very different affair (Cartledge, 1987: 17; 2001: 57). Perhaps a very basic point, but something that reflected the overall ethos of Laconian society was the deemed seniority of the Agiad line (Hdt. 6. 51; Cartledge, 1987: 23, 100). This echoed throughout Spartan society; where the Spartan youth were tutored to obey their elders. The two Kings were overseen (literally MacDowell, 1986: 128) by Ephors and laws were passed by the Gerousia (which they were at least part of). It is quite plausible that over the centuries, before the advent of Ephors, the constitutional powers of the Kings were much greater (MacDowell, 1986: 123). For example, by the mid 5th century, we know that judicially, the Kings judged cases involving unmarried heiresses, adoptions and public roads (Herodotus, 6.57. 4/5). Indeed, the constantly fluctuating relationship between the Ephors Gerousia with the Kings is something worth investigating. In theory, the Ephorate was established to prolong the royal crowns (Cartledge, 2001: 33), with both of them exchanging vows to each other monthly to act within the law (Xen. Lac. Pol. 15.7). But there were instances where ulterior motives on either side came to the fore. Pausanias tells us that when a King committed a misdemeanour and was to be tried back home, the judges included the other governing arms the Ephors and the Gerousia, the latter including the other king (Paus, 3.5.2); Cleomenes was exiled for trying to dismiss the Athenian boule (Yates, 2005: 75/6). However, it is quite possible that this was a special case, regarding the trial of Pausanias (MacDowell, 1986, 128, Cartledge, 1987: 109). We will write a custom essay sample on In what ways did the dual Kingship of Sparta reflect (or perpetuate) other aspects of Spartan society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on In what ways did the dual Kingship of Sparta reflect (or perpetuate) other aspects of Spartan society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on In what ways did the dual Kingship of Sparta reflect (or perpetuate) other aspects of Spartan society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We also hear of the Ephors conducting a ritual sky watch once every 8 years, searching for bad omens which they could use against the kings rule (Rahe, 1977: 278-9, no. 145). Not only does this show a cautious approach from them towards the dyarchs, but the ritual itself fits very neatly with the religious aspect (page 6) of the kings themselves; they could be impeached by the gods. Ste. Croix goes further, categorising the trials and banishments of the Kings in the 5th 4th centuries as the work of the Ephors (1972: 350-3; Rahe, 1980: 398). Pleistoanaxs actions in Attica (446-5 BC) led him to being put on trial and exiled, and this may well have been due to the report of the Ephor(s) accompanying him on the campaign (Cartledge, 1987: 17). It might well have been that his peace with Athens was not popular with the Gerousia and Ephors, ably demonstrated by the violation of his peace (Cartledge, 1982: 261/2). This would also show the inherent hostility towards Athens in Spartan society . Yet, there are instances where the balance is reversed and the ephors were used as an advisory board of sorts. Cleomenes I went to the ephors in order to inform them about the suspicious activities of Mnaiandrios of Samos (Hdt. 3.148.2). We also hear from Xenophon that King (regent) Pausanias managed to convince three Ephors to take military action (Xen. Hell. 2.4.29), though this would have been different for other judicial decisions (MacDowell, 1986: 131). There is also the instance where Agesilaos managed to take drastic action and execute conspirators after consulting the ephors (Plutarch, Agesilaos. 32. 11). The Ephors were liable to manipulation from wily Kings (Brunt, 1965: 279). Despite being put in place to check the power of the Kings, it is likely that the Ephors werent indicative of popular representation within Sparta, being as they were, just 5 citizens elected from the damos (Aristotle, Pol. 1256b39-40) and holding office for only a year. Individual Ephors might well have exploited disagreements between Kings to their own advantage (Cartledge, 2001: 59), but split voting, change of policy with new Ephors and disagreements would have put pay to any personal ambitions. Moreover, the Kingship remained the principal office for which true political power remained, as the Machiavellian scheming of Lysander attests to (Cartledge, 2001: 36). What this shows is the willing subservience of Spartan society to adhere to their rigid hierarchy of royal dominance, and that the downfall of a King would be the reluctant last solution, if it would save the Lacedaemonians from doom. Let us take the example of a King being indicted (see above). If a charge against a King was to be upheld, it was necessary for all the Ephors and the majority of the Gerousia with the other King to vote against said King on trial (Cartledge, 2001: 60). If the King was summoned by the Ephors, he was only required to do so upon the third time of asking (Cartledge, 2001: 62). In Agesilaos IIs case, he hobbled. The Spartans despised physical disability but since Agesilaos was King; this must have been overlooked because of his status, again reflecting submission to ones betters. We should also note that in the presence of a King, everyone else had to stand. As Cartledge picks up upon, this mirrored the Spartan ideal whereby juniors were expected to give up their seat to a senior (2001: 62) and probably also the deferral to ones superiors as well (Kelly, 1981: 48). As for the Gerousia, Cartledge argues that it might well have been as old as the Kingship itself, but its size and the inclusion of the 2 Kings (If a king was away, then his vote was given to another, who would vote for him and himself (Thuc. 1.20.3) thus conforming to the rest of the Gerousia) within it reflect a change in status of the Dyarchy, to the advantage of the Gerousia (2001: 31). He also argues that the Gerousia was the main domestic and foreign decision making body (2001: 60) made from the senior, aristocratic Spartiates (however, as the Kings were ex officio members, it is possible that the Kings could have been the youngest faces within the Gerousia, disagreeing with the superiority of the elders (Pleistarchus and Agis IV McQueen, 1990: 167)). If this is the case, then a long reigning King would have been able to see the Gerousia membership appointed in his favour (by his own admission: Cartledge, 2001: 65). Agesilaos IIs vote to save Sphodrias in the trial of 378 is a good indication of his control over the Gerousia. So it is a good bet that the Kings were the political foci (Mitchell, 1991: 58; despite Lewis, 1977: 48; Hdt. 6.52.8). Far from the nature of the Dyarchys role within the government of Sparta, we can tell a lot about how much they mirrored Spartan society from their day to day lives within the polis. The Kings would both eat in the Royal mess tents (syssitia), which the homioi were separated from, promoting the idea that the Royals were something else (Cartledge, 1987: 104). Whats more, the Kings were awarded double rations so as to honour guests (Cartledge, 1987: 108; Xen. Ages. 5.1; Lak. Pol. 15.4) and we can presume that this was used as part of the xenia process. The mess tents the homioi used were subject to control of membership, along grounds of social, wealth and seniority status (Hodkinson, 1983: 253/4), thus promoting the oligarchic fashion of Sparta. That the Kings were kept separate heightens this idea. In terms of property, it was very much a case of furthering ones own ambitions (Leonidas in Plut. Kleo. 1.1) and keeping property within their family by literally doing just that marrying close consanguineous kin or similarly wealthy aristocrats (Hodkinson, 2000: 82, 408). This was done by the Kings and aristocrats alike. In the cases where they judged adoption, the Kings would make sure that the adopted was landless and would pass them onto those who were the same, thus allowing them to keep the properties in the upper echelons of society (Hodkinson, 2000: 82). The royal houses were typical of Spartan propertied classes. Good examples of this would be Leonidas Is marriage to Gorgo, Cleomenes Is only child so as to inherit Cleomenes property when he died as well as bolster his claim to the Agiad throne (Hdt. 7.239.4), Cleomenes IIIs marriage to Agiatis, the widow of Agis IV (Hdt. 6.71), Ariston marrying his friends wife (Hdt. 6.61-2) and Aegisilaos Is marriage to Kleora (Paus. 3.9.3). We should however note that the Agiad Eurypontid royal lines owned considerably more land than any other citizen as they possessed territories in many perioikic communities (Xen. Lak. Pol. 15.3). Though they imitated the attitude of the wealthy few in Sparta by such a process, it limited the number of heirs and the division of inheritance, concentrating the property and wealth in the hands of the closely related few; wealth married wealth, segregating society even further. The royal houses enhanced their socio-economic position over history through such activities (Hodkinson, 2000: 413). As the elites perpetuated their position, the decline in citizen numbers accelerated, allowing the successful aristocratic lineages to safely secure high offices and property (Hodkinson, 2000: 415). This in turn would have lead to policy-making being dominated by very few, not least between the 2 Kings and their respective supporters in the Gerousia (Roy, 2009: 442). Religion was integral part of Spartan life, like most other Classical poleis. In Sparta, the Kings had an important part to play. We learn from Herodotus (6.59) that both Kings were hereditary high priests of Zeus Lakedaimonios and Zeus Ouranios (perhaps one for each). As such, they were required to sacrifice to Zeus and others before, during and after a military campaign (Lipka, 2002: 221). Whilst marching, the Kings preceded the fire-bearers, whilst a train of sacrificial animals followed behind the army (Burket, 1985: 257). The representation of Castor and Polydeukes was taken on military campaigns (Cartledge, 1987: 109). They ate first and received twice as large a portion as everyone else at sacrificial feasts (Cartledge, 1987: 107). The Kings received 72 litres of barley and a quart of wine every new moon and on the 7th day of the lunar month (Lipka, 2002: 221). Lastly, no-one was permitted to touch the Kings (Plut. Agis. 19.9). They were probably not God-Kings, but more than mortal (Miller, 1998: 2). It is clear that the health of the state was bound to the health of the Kings (Cartledge, 1987: 105; Parker, 1988: 153). The fact that the Kings were apportioned the skins and entrails of the sacrifices shows the high esteem they were held in by the Religious community. As Sparta was an extremely superstitious and seriously religious community, it certainly seems consistent that the Kings were assigned such duties. They were also given the honour of appointing two Pythioi each, who acted permanent ambassadors to Oracle at Delphi (Hdt. 6.57.2-4), the highest honour, presumably as Delphi was the pan-Hellenic sanctuary! Lysanders attempted bribery of Delphi reflects the entrenched power the kings had, since they maintained a close relationship with Delphi through their Pythioi (Cartledge, 1987: 96), maybe even to further their own agenda (Cartledge, 2001: 63). Royal funerals on the other hand, were perhaps the most spectacular in the Peloponnese (Hdt. 6.58), which would have been in sharp contrast with the simplicities (Laconic) of ordinary Spartans (Parker, 1988: 153), and it would have had an impact upon the members of the royal house (Hodkinson, 2000: 263). Each free household (Spartiate and Perioikic) had to provide one male and female each to the funeral; Helots were obliged to attend (reflecting Spartan societys dominance over them (Cartledge, 1987: 333)). The funeral would have been a public affair, lying-in-state, reflecting the very Spartan practice; other cities kept their funerals as private affairs (Cartledge, 1987: 333). Again, unlike anywhere else in Greece, the King would have been buried within the boundaries of the living, maybe even close to a sanctuary, defying the Hellenic taboo of Greek pollution (Plut. Lyc. 27.1). It is interesting to notice that the custom of embalming their King was copied from Persian and Egyptian practices (Hdt. 1.40.2, 4.71.1), which is seemingly at odds with their xenophobia towards foreign cultures. Leonidas I, who died in battle may well have had an exceptional burial (buried again after his demise 40 years earlier), sharing a similar Spartan trait of honouring only those who died fighting (Cartledge, 1987: 336). The royal funeral was beyond what a mere mortal man could claim and what many aristocrats aspired to (Xen. Hell. 3.3.1), thus convincing the Spartiates of the connection between a healthy Sparta and the dual Kingship (though this would become less and less effective in later Sparta (Cartledge, 1987: 337/341)). For Spartans, soldering was their life. However, unlike the homioi, the heirs to the thrones were not required to go through the Spartan education system the agoge (Plut. Ages. 1.4). This does seem strange initially, but when you consider how the Kings were perceived as beyond mortal (see above), the heirs and Kings were already superior to everyone else (Cartledge, 1987: 24). Agesilaos IIs decision to go through the agoge would naturally have made him even more special, considering his disability; just like Leonidas before him. Herodotus tells us (5.75.2) that because of a crisis between Cleomenes and Damaratus on a joint campaign in 506 BC, one King stayed behind in Sparta. The King elected on campaign assumed sole command on campaign, handling an enormous amount of power; anyone who tried to prevent this would be cursed (Cartledge, 1987: 81, 105). He was even assigned his own bodyguard (hippeis) who were the elite soldiers (Thuc. 5.72.4). The King could also expect a personal haul of a third of the total booty collected on campaign (Polybius. 2.62.1). Aristotle (Pol. 1285a 7-8, 1285b 26-8) inferred that the Kings were mere hereditary generals, but as we can see, that was patently not the case. Their power was absolute (they even had the authority to choose between life and death (MacDowell, 1986: 126). With the King at the head of an army, the connection between the military and the political hierarchy was plain to see. Leadership went hand in hand with the military caste (Cartledge, 1987: 203). To lead the army in a military orientated state like Sparta would surely have been the greatest honour. This echoes what was said earlier (page 4), about having to submit to ones betters, especially in Sparta, replicating the master/student, senior/junior, rich/poor relationship in all of Spartan society. The Lacedaemonians were subject to the power of the Ephors, Gerousia and the Dyarchy at home, yet outside Sparta, it became a Monarchy. I feel this could be due to the way the Spartiates perceived non-Spartiates. As they distrusted foreigners, they needed to be, in theory, intimidated. So, one King with full power and a large army would have done this perfectly and was indicative of Spartas xenophobia. Where it was a matter of gaining advantage for Lacedaemon, the Spartan elites did engage with those from the outside (of Sparta). The Kings were allowed to appoint proxenia, Spartiates who acted as ambassadors for those from other poleis (Hdt. 6.57.2). This was certainly related to Spartas xenophobia (cf. Figueira, 2003: 66), where the only ones who were entrusted to make relations with non-Spartiates were those trusted by the Kings, and was thus open to manipulation (Cartledge, 1987: 81, 97, 108). No doubt, the Spartan kings would already have had friendship ties (xenia) with many Peloponnesian oligarchies, thus enabling them to influence foreign policy in those states (Cartledge, 1987: 246). King Agis II was fined for negotiating with Argives (Thuc. 5.59-63), one was a Spartan proxenos and another had xenos with Agis himself (Hodkinson, 2000: 352; Roy, 2009: 440). Archidamus had terms of xenia with Pericles of Athens (Thuc. 2.13.1; Mosely, 1971: 434). The relationships the Kings had with their friends in the Peloponnese is reminiscent of the 18th 19th century European Monarchs, who retained ties of blood and friendship with each other. In what ways did the Dyarchs reflect other aspects of Spartan society? Though they were designed to prevent it, the Kings dominated both of the Ephors and Gerousia, reflecting the superior/inferior (master/slave) aspect of Sparta as a whole. Messing in the syssitia and the accumulation of property through marrying close kin or wealthy others promoted the oligarchic fashion (ruled by the few (in this case 2!)). The Kings as high priests and their spectacular funerals cemented their demi-god credentials; it fitted perfectly with the zealously religious Spartans. Leadership of the state was reflected by their leadership of the army and the Kings leading the peculiar form of Proxenia and xenos reflected the inherently xenophobic nature of Spartan society. The Dyarchy was coterminous with Sparta (Arist. Pol., 1310b 38-9), though it has been considered an egalitarian society, it was anything but, with competiveness instilled from youth (Kelly, 1981: 54). Sparta demanded high reverence to the continued influence of the Spartan Kings (Rice, 1974: 165) and time passed, the un-checked power of the Kings fostered Hellenistic monarchic tendencies in later kings (McQueen, 1990: 166). The dual Kinship promoted a dual image, where the Spartans promoted one thing, but did another (Miller, 1998: 13).

Effect of sharp edges on stress value via fea Essay Example

Effect of sharp edges on stress value via fea Essay Example Effect of sharp edges on stress value via fea Essay Effect of sharp edges on stress value via fea Essay ( 1 ) Introduction STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR: A major accomplishment in the theoretical foundation of LINEAR ELASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS ( LEFM ) was the debut of the emphasis strength factor K. It is the parametric quantity used to gauge the strength of emphasiss near to the cleft tip and related to the energy release rate ( Bazant and Planas 1998 ) . Ingliss ( 1913 ) studied the unexpected failure of naval ships, and Griffith ( 1921 ) extended this work utilizing thermodynamic standards. Using this work, Irwing ( 1957 ) developed the construct of the emphasis strength factor. Stress strength factors shows the step of the alteration in emphasiss within the vicinity of the cleft tip. Therefore, it is of import to cognize that in which way the cleft is turning and when the cleft stops propagating. The emphasis strength factor is compared with the critical emphasis strength factor KIC ( the capacity ) to find whether or non the cleft will propagate. ( 2 ) STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR AND CRACK TIP STRESSES A uniqueness of 1/Sqrt ( R ) is produced by cleft tips. The emphasis Fieldss near a cleft tip of an isotropic additive elastic stuff can be expressed as a merchandise of 1/Sqrt ( R ) and a map of theta with a grading factor K: inferiors I, II, and III are 3 different types of lading applied on a cleft. Where K= emphasis strength factor ( 3 ) MODES OF LOADING Manner I ( Tensile Opening ) Mode II ( In-Plane Shear, Sliding ) Mode III ( Ot of Plane Shear, Tearing ) For all the three types of lading the emphasis Fieldss and the supplanting Fieldss around the locality of the cleft tip are individually written Grecian missive is know as shear modulus and is depicted as G, and it should non be mistaken for the strain release rate, .Formulas for plane emphasis and plane strain are: The rule of superposition is applied for additive elastic stuffs. So the look obtained is: ( 4 ) STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR IN PRACTICE: The most interested country for applied scientists is the emphasis in the vicinity of cleft tip and look into whether the value is more than the break stamina. Thus K is the map of sigma for any given R and theta. For case the K for following specimen is The dimension of K is The different solutions of K for three classs: authoritative, specimen, and construction are: Infinite Plate with a Center Through Crack under Tension Single Edge Notched Specimen Under Bending ( 5 ) STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS The additive elastic break mechanics theory says that there is infinite emphasiss at the tip of the cleft but really fictile zone is developed near the cleft tip that opposes the emphasiss to some definite values. It is instead impossible to measure the right sum of emphasiss in this plastic zone and associate them to the maximal allowable emphasiss of the materialto justice the behaviour of the cleft. Critical emphasis strength factor Kc of any stuff can be obtained by figure of experiments and this promotion is called the break stamina. Thus the behaviour of the cleft can be predicted by comparing K and Kc straight. Kc s for a figure of common technology stuffs are listed in this page. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN G and K Sometimes energy release rate G can besides be used alternatively of stress strength factor K. But both the parametric quantities are inter related to each other and is shown below: The dimension of is ( 6 ) Influence OF STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR ( K ) The cleft extension in any specimen depends on the magnitude and rate of alteration of K. A graph can be plotted of cleft growing with regard to lade rhythm against the different K at that peculiar point for any specimen. Sing strictly elastic conditions thorough cognition of emphasis and strain field near the vicinity of cleft tip can be modulated and estimated with the aid of stress strength factor. As the fictile field is created near the cleft tip the truth of the emphasis calculated is reduced. Brittle material gives more precise replies for emphasis strength factor is besides every bit compared to ductile stuffs because malleable stuffs tend to deform before failure. Fracture mechanics uses stress strength factor ( K ) to foretell and estimeate the emphasiss near the cleft tips more accurately, due to lading and residuary emphasiss. When this stresses reaches the critical value a cleft starts turning and finally consequences in the failure of stuff. The break strength can be defined as the failure occurred at a peculiar load..At foremost the clefts are really little and can non be seen but later it consequences in the failure of the stuff if non known. Unlike stress concentration , Stress Intentsity, K, chiefly focusses on the magnitude of the applied emphasis which includes the type of load.. The three different types of burden are Mode-I, -II, or -III. KIc of 1st type of burden is the most of import and most parametric quantity which is normally used in the field of technology in break mechanics and hence must be understood so that break defying stuffs can be used in the designing of assorted edifices, aeroplanes, Bridgess, etc. Infact we can state that if the cleft is seen, it means the emphasiss are really near to the optimal values as estimated by Stress Intensity Factorfor most of the stuffs. ( 7 ) STRESS ANALYSIS OF CRACK Brittle breaks are the most concerned country for applied scientists as the toffee fractures brings the most risky accidents and happens really rapidly, and normally the failure in brickle stuff are caused because the applied stresses reaches its critical bound value near the locality of cleft tip. K can be used to specify the break stamina as: where Y is a dimensionless parametric quantity and depends on both the constituent type and the geometry followed by the cleft. Normally, cleft which has egg-shaped form the equation is modified and uses three different Y s to include ace geometry: Takin the cleft length into considerations if the thickness of the geometry is really big, the emphasis strength factor for field strain break stamina can be estimated which include the geometry of the specimen and output strength. Thus the thickness of the specimen is the most impotant parametric quantity which controls the passage of break stamina from plane emphasis to shave strain , Stress and supplanting Fieldss near a cleft tip of a additive elastic isotropic stuff are listed individually for all three manners: ModeI, ModeII, ModeIII. The Grecian missive denotes the shear modulus, normally written as G, and it should non be mistaken for the strain release rate, .Formulas for plane emphasis and plane strain are: The rule of superposition is applied for additive elastic stuffs. So the look obtained is: ( 8 ) Case STUDY: Let us take the illustration of a specimen with a V notch holding four point crook burden. Harmonizing to break mechanic theory, the theoretical emphasis strength factor for a four point crook beam ( figure B.1 ) is calculated with the undermentioned equation K= ( 3Pl/tw^2 ) * ( pi*a ) ^.5* ( 1.122-1.121 a+3.740 a^2+3.873 a^3-19.05 a^4+22.55 a^5 ) where, a is the cleft length, W is the breadth of beam, P is the burden applied, cubic decimeter is the distance between the axial rotations, t is the thickness of specimen and W a= a /w The dimensions, material specification and trial constellation of the four point flexing specimen are shown: . Parameters DIMENSIONS ( W ) 11.4 millimeter ( T ) 2.9 millimeter ( s ) 70 millimeter ( cubic decimeter ) 20 millimeter ( vitamin D ) 30 millimeter ( a ) 3.6 millimeter ( P ) 1000 millimeter The different values of K calculated for different values of cleft length is show in the undermentioned tabular array Analytic computation of the Stress Intensity Factor ( K ) : Based on the values the graph has been plotted for emphasis strength factor agains ace length. The graph shows that as the cleft length increases the emphasis strength factor additions. ANALYSIS VIA FEA The burden and restraints are same for all the three readings. merely the mesh relevancy has been changed. Tonss and Constraints The undermentioned tonss and restraints act on specific parts of the portion. Regions were defined by choosing surfaces, cylinders, borders or vertices. Table 3 Load and Constraint Definitions Name Type Magnitude Vector Force 1 Edge Force 500,0 N 0,0 N -500,0 N 0,0 N Force 2 Edge Force 500,0 N 0,0 N -500,0 N 0,0 N Fixed Constraint 1 Edge Fixed Constraint N/A Unconstrained 0,0 millimeter Unconstrained Fixed Constraint 2 Edge Fixed Constraint N/A Unconstrained 0,0 millimeter Unconstrained Table 4 Constraint Chemical reactions Name Force Vector Moment Moment Vector Fixed Constraint 1 500,0 N 0,0 N 500,0 N 0,0 N 1,636e-010 NAÂ ·mm 1,636e-010 NAÂ ·mm 0,0 NAÂ ·mm 0,0 NAÂ ·mm Fixed Constraint 2 500,0 N 0,0 N 500,0 N 0,0 N 2,529e-010 NAÂ ·mm 2,529e-010 NAÂ ·mm 0,0 NAÂ ·mm 0,0 NAÂ ·mm Geometry and Mesh ( 1 ) The Relevance scene listed below controlled the choiceness of the mesh used in this analysis. For mention, a scene of -100 produces a harsh mesh, fast solutions and consequences that may include important uncertainness. A scene of +100 generates a all right mesh, longer solution times and the least uncertainness in consequences. Zero is the default Relevance scene. Table 1 Arpit_0 Statisticss Jumping Box Dimensions 100,0 millimeter 11,4 millimeter 2,9 millimeter Part Mass 2,58e-002 kilogram Part Volume 3287 mmA? Mesh Relevance Setting -3 Nodes 543 Consequences The tabular array below lists all structural consequences generated by the analysis. The undermentioned subdivision provides figures demoing each consequence contoured over the surface of the portion. Safety factor was calculated by utilizing the maximal tantamount emphasis failure theory for malleable stuffs. The emphasis bound was specified by the tensile output strength of the stuff. Table 2 Structural Consequences Name Minimum Maximum Equivalent Stress 0,1422 MPa 267,4 MPa Maximal Principal Stress -3,658 MPa 322,5 MPa Minimal Principal Stress -267,6 MPa 28,94 MPa Distortion 1,283e-003 millimeter 0,105 millimeter Safety Factor 0,935 N/A Geometry and Mesh ( 2 ) Table 5 Arpit_100.ipt Statisticss Jumping Box Dimensions 100,0 millimeter 11,4 millimeter 2,9 millimeter Part Mass 2,58e-002 kilogram Part Volume 3287 mmA? Mesh Relevance Setting 100 Nodes 1115 Consequence Table 5 Structural Consequences Name Minimum Maximum Equivalent Stress 3,423e-002 MPa 292,1 MPa Maximal Principal Stress -9,596 MPa 352,5 MPa Minimal Principal Stress -262,0 MPa 20,94 MPa Distortion 2,115e-003 millimeter 0,1066 millimeter Safety Factor 0,8559 N/A ( 9 ) Decision It can be seen that for the same burden and and all other parametric quantities the maximal emphasis is developed at the cleft tip. But the value of the maximal tantamount emphasis is non the same in the two figures. The emphasiss possess uniqueness near the locality of cleft tip. As a consequence, the emphasis value will depend on FEA mesh size.The finer the mesh, the higher the emphasis. You will neer acquire converged consequences utilizing stress standards This is because FEa tends to average the value at that peculiar point and we get some value. So if we increase the mesh the emphasis value will travel higher. Thus the more refined the mesh is more realistic value we get. As the cleft part is in plastic zone so we get infinity value for emphasis theoretically but we get some definite value via FEA. Thus the specimen is checked by experimentation to see when the cleft is formed and when it reaches the critical value so that any farther usage will ensue in the failure of the constituent ( 10 ) Mentions 1. www.efunda.com 2. Beevers, C, J- Advavces in cleft length measuring 1982 3. Hertzberg, W, Richard- Deformation and Fracture of engg. Metallic elements 4. Chaps, Niel 5. hypertext transfer protocol: //mechanical-engineering.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_stress_intensity_factor # ixzz0XWOXJ4P0 6. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.physicsarchives.com/index.html? /fracturemechanics.htm A ; Titel2 7. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sv.vt.edu/classes/MSE2094_NoteBook/97ClassProj/anal/kim/intensity.html 8. Behzad, M.. A additive theory for flexing stress-strain analysis of a beam with an border cleft , Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 200811 9. Neimitz, A.. A survey of stable cleft growing utilizing experimental methods, finite elements and fractography , Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 200406/07 10. McCartney, J.. Modelling woven fabric buildings under hydrostatic force per unit area , Finite Elements in Analysis A ; Design, 200605 11. Parmigiani, J.P.. The effects of cohesive strength and stamina on mixed-mode delamination of beam-like geometries , Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 200711 12. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.imechanica.org

Mini Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mini Project - Assignment Example The cost of debt refers to the effective rate in which a firm pays to use debt finance. The value is considered to be the proportion of interest on the entire debt value. However, this can be viewed in two approaches namely cost of debt before tax and cost of debt after tax. As such, cost of capital before tax will therefore refer to the effective rate an organization pays for it to use debt finance without incorporating tax while cost of debt after tax will refer to effective rate in which an organization will pay to use debt finance while considering tax. In relation to GE, the company pays 5.56% for its debt finance annually before tax. The value will translate to 5.35% cost of debt after tax. This implies that the proportion of interest on entire debt value before considering tax is 5.56% while the proportion of interest considering tax is 5.35%. Also, the measure of the cost of debt reflects the risk level of an organization when compared to others. Therefore, when a company rec ords a higher rate in its cost of debt than another, then it means investing in that company will be more risky. Therefore, a firm that has a cost of debt before tax greater than 5.56% and cost of debt after tax greater than 5.35% is more risky to invest in than GE. Cost of capital is another element that factors greatly in evaluating company performance. Cost of capital refers to the theoretical return an organization will pay for its equity finance as compensation for the risk they undertake in investing in that firm. Currently, GE has a cost of equity rate of 8.81%. The value is averaged by summing the risk free rate with measures of the reward for bearing systematic risk. Therefore, this implies that GE pays 8.81% annually over the long term as compensation to their equity finance providers. However, computing the rate using CAPM has some inherent flaws. The reason behind this view is that the approach uses S&P

Materials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Materials - Essay Example The main differences occur in the mixtures that were made and used in the construction of the structures. For structure A, a water concrete ratio of o.4 has been applied while for structure B, water concrete ratio of 0.45 is applied. Structure B applied a higher ratio of water to cement than structure A. This indicates that structure B will be stronger that structure A. In structure B 8% of silica fume is applied. Silica fume enhances strength and durability to the concrete (Yudelson, Jerry). The concrete used for structure B is, therefore highly durable. For structure A, 30% fly ash was mixed with the cement. This may not add as much durability as compared to the addition of silica fume. For structure A epoxy coated rebar is used at 5% volume for reinforcement while structure B applies black steel rebar at 4%. For reinforcement, we can therefore say that structure A is better than structure B. structure A has used 15.5 liters of inhibitor free while structure B has used 10 liters. T his indicates that structure A is more protected from corrosion effects than structure B. According to the results provided, the cost of both structures will be increasing as time goes on but the rate of increase for structure A will be a bit higher than that of structure B. the results indicate that the location of structure A is more stable than that of structure

Asthma Is A Chronic Inflammatory Disorder Biology Essay

Asthma Is A Chronic Inflammatory Disorder Biology Essay Introduction Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial tubes that causes constriction and inflammation of the airways. This results in narrowing of the airways. Airways narrowing in asthma is caused by three major processes that act on bronchi. These are: inflammation, bronchospasm and hyperreactivity. As a result, symptoms of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath occur. (Womenfitness, 2004) This essay will aim to discuss the pathophysiology, epidemiology, aetiology and the various causes of asthma. Furthermore, it will compare recent prevalence rates and patterns that have arisen in recent years. It will also concentrate on the effects of asthma on children and exercise, and the long term effects this may have on lung function. Finally, it will present the hygiene hypothesis that has drawn great attention and speculation over recent years. C:UsersuserPicturesasthma2.jpg Figure 1 adopted from asthma.about.com//def_hyperresponsiveness.htm Phathopysiology: Asthma is known to be an inflammatory disease which is characterised by airway inflammation, airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsivness.The mechanism of airway inflammation in asthma maybe acute, sub acute or chronic. Inflammation is the most important factor that causes narrowing of the bronchial tubes. It increases the thickness of the wall of the bronchial tubes and produces excess mucous that forms plugs and clogs the small airways resulting in a smaller passageway for air to flow through. In irregular air flow obstruction and bronchial airway reactivity, oedema and mucus secretion also contribute to further narrowing of the airways. Thus resulting in difficulty breathing. When asthmatic patients are exposed to triggers such as allergens, irritant and infections, the inflamed or constricted airways becomes more sensitive or reactive to those triggers leading to increase narrowing and inflammation of the airways. As a result an asthmatic person has to make a greater effo rt during expiration and inspiration. (Szeftel and Shiffman, 2009). Asthma is characterized by an increased number of mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages, activated T lymphocytes, dendritic cells and neutrophils in the bronchial tissues. During an asthma attack, antigen presenting cells e.g. (macrophages or dendritic cells) in the airways capture and process the inhaled allergen to T-lymphocytes which in turn becomes activated. Once T-lymphocyte becomes activated it produces TH1 cells and TH2 cells both secreting cytokines respectively. TH1 release (INF, lymphotoxin, IL-2) .TH2 release (IL-3, IL-4, IL-9, IL-13, IL-15).TH2cells (CD4 T-lymphocytes) has an important role in allergic response. Allergens drives the cytokine pattern towards TH2cells which in turn promotes B cells to produce immunoglobin E (IgE) and eosinophil recruitment .Then IgE binds to high affinity receptor for IgE, Fc-epsilon-R1 on the surface of mast cells and basophils. This leads to degranulation of the cells and the release of mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes and other enzymes. The production of histamine and leukotrienes result in bronchial hyperresponsivness and air way obstruction causing the symptoms of asthma. (Morris, 2009) Types of asthma: There are two main types of asthma: Extrinsic or allergy asthma: This type is more common and is responsible for 90%of all cases. It develops in children and is associated with features of atopy such as rhinitis or eczema. (Szeftel and Shiffman, 2009) Intrinsic asthma: This type is less common and presents for only 10%of all cases. It is more commonly found in women after the age of 30 and is typically not associated with allergies. (ibid 2009) Epidemiology 5.4million people in UK are currently receiving treatment for asthma. 1.1million children in UK are currently receiving treatment for asthma. There is a person with asthma in one in five household in the UK. (Asthma Uk,2008) The incidence of asthma has increased dramatically over the past 20 years. This is not due to the changes in our genetic makeup, however, due to environmental factors (allergens, infection, life style and diet) that influence on the development of asthma. The prevalence of asthma in Wales is amongst the highest in the world. With 260,000 people currently living with the condition and the rate of hospitalization for adults is 28%, it exceeds all other regions in the UK. (Asthma UK, 2009) Mortality and morbidity Asthma affects 5-10% of the population in United States or an estimated 22 million persons, including 6 million children. Asthma is common in industrial countries such as Canada, England, Australia, Germany and New Zealand. The prevalence rate of severe asthma in those countries ranges from 2-10% and is estimated to affect 300million people world wide. There are about 5000 deaths per year in U.S.and about 500 deaths per year in Canada. (Kelly, 2009) C:UsersuserPicturesasthm prevelance.gif Figure3: shows the high percentage of the population affected with asthma was reported in USA, Canada, UK, Australia and NewZeland (>10%). The lowest prevalence were reported in China and India (

Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants Essay -- Hemingway Hills White

Hemingway's Hills Like White Elephants   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyday people make decisions that affect their future lives. Do people make the right decisions? What makes a decision a right one? What may be right to some, may be wrong to others. There are no right or wrong decisions but those that people choose and believe to be right varying from each individual. In Hemingway's realistic story, Hills Like White Elephants, Jig attempts to make a crucial change in her life by making the right decision, but is unable to because of her weak characteristic flaws. Jig is indecisive about her decision. Even though she realizes the possibilities, she has difficulties letting go of old habits, has a low self-esteem that leads to her being submissive, and puts up a frail fight by hiding her feelings behind her sarcastic comments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jig faces an immense decision that will change her future. She must choose between the old and the new lifestyle. It is hard for her to let go of old habits that consists of taking no responsibility and the sole intention of seeking pleasure. She must go from a young worriedless rebel to a stable adult taking responsibility. It's a hard process since there are three steps to changing: realization, doing the deed, and committing to the change. She definitely realizes she needs to change, but only goes that far. She does walk to the end of the station and looks upon the fertile side of the valley and comments "and we could have all this," but she ...

Application of Background Methodology Essay

In addition, childhood obesity can adversely affect social and economic development and lead to adult obesity causing more adverse health conditions. The costs of treating obesity in the United States are steadily increasing. Estimates show the direct and indirect costs associated with treating obesity was near $139 billion in 2003 (Li, & Hooker, 2010). The focus of this paper is to examine a peer-reviewed research article conducted by Ji Li, PhD. and Neal Hooker PhD published in the Journal of School Health, to show how the application of background and methodology of the research process can be applied to problems in health care. By examining the purpose of the study, the hypothesis, the variables employed, and the framework used to guide the study, a better understanding of the research process will be gained. Study Purpose Schools have been the subject of many research studies regarding childhood obesity. Surveys have examined issues such as race, ethnicity, and gender-specific differences relating to issues such as how television viewing affects weight gain and how physical activity effects academic achievement. The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) School Breakfast Program (SBP) and have been the subject of many studies (Li, & Hooker, 2010). The studies examined food choices; comparing the nutritional content of program meals to other competitive food choices available in the cafeteria. A different study observed the effect of NSLP eligibility and food insecurities on child welfare. The results of the study indicated no evidence of benefit associated with participation in the NSLP and child well-being (Li, & Hooker, 2010). Past research, associating childhood obesity and school-related programs and activities have been limited. The research did not differentiate between either public or private school types or were only composed of public school findings. Moreover, past research studies have employed only limited perspectives on the issue. The purpose of this article’s study is to delve further into the effects family, school, and community play on childhood obesity in hopes of understanding better the correlation (Li, & Hooker, 2010). By doing so administrators of health care will be better equipped to advise parents, educators, and policies makers of the importance of wellness and nutrition among school-aged children. Research Questions Many questions are posed in this study. The main question asked is, what is the correlation, if any, between school type, physical activity, participation in the NSLP, and other independent variables on body mass index (BMI) of children living in the United States? In addition, does the type of school, public or private, make a difference in the BMI of children? Last, does the physical activity level of the parents have an effect on a child’s BMI (Li, & Hooker, 2010)? Hypotheses This hypothesis of the study is not clearly stated within the article although the reading suggests there are several. The study suggests that children living in lower socioeconomic households and qualifying for the NSLP have greater chance of becoming obese. Children who attend public schools are more at risk of becoming overweight than those who attend private schools. In addition, children whose parents are physically active have less chance of becoming overweight. Last, parental education levels, smoking habits, and employment status can affect a child’s weight (Li, & Hooker, 2010). Study Variables To analyze how various factors effect childhood obesity, information was gathered about the children’s schools, families, communities, and daily activities from the National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH). These sociodemographic independent variables include such information as the child’s age, gender, race, primary spoken language, physical activity level, television use, time spend playing computer games, extracurricular ctivities, and participation in the free or reduced lunch program (Li, & Hooker, 2010). Information about parental activities such as smoking practices, employment status, and education, economic, and activity levels were also included. The dependent variable body BMI was used as the measure of obesity. BMI can be defined as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. This method of mea surement is widely used by health providers to determine physical development (Li, & Hooker, 2010). Conceptual Model or Theoretical Framework The conceptual model used to understand the results of the study and to determine its empirical and scientific effectiveness, studies the relationships between childhood obesity and factors that contribute to the problem. By considering the multidimensional perspectives surrounding the lives of children in the United States, the effects on BMI as a measure of obesity can prove probable correlations. This study first applied a nonlinear regression model to survey data to examine important relationships. Next, the study constructed three model specifications to investigate the effects of the NSLP (Li, & Hooker, 2010). Last, discoveries were analyzed regarding the factors influencing the child’s probability for becoming overweight (Li, & Hooker, 2010). The conceptual model of the study provides correlations between socioeconomic status (SES) and other factors and childhood obesity by providing supporting facts. Review of Related Literature A review of the literature cited supports the need for this study. Research by Ogden, Carroll, and Flegal (2008) proves the BMI of children and adolescents in the United States are increasing steadily. A related study by Bouchard (1997) shows the relationship between childhood and adult obesity. In addition, the reference to Dietz (2004) shows that obesity can cause serious illness in children such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease. The high cost associated with treating obesity in the United States proves the need for further study into the problems associated to childhood obesity (Finkelstein, Ruhm, & Kosa, 2005). Study Design The study design employed was quantitative, consisting of data gathered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) 2003 and 2004 NSCH. The State and Local Area Integrated Telephone Survey Program was used to survey and investigate the physical and psychological health status of children age birth to 17 (Li, & Hooker, 2010). The households were randomly selected with the screening question of the presence of children under age 18 in the household was used. Observations of 62,880 children from different households living in the United States were studied through the value of BMI (Li, & Hooker, 2010). Conclusion The article from the Journal of School Health contains research collected from the NSCH conducted by the CDC to investigate the associations between children attending public and private schools, student eligibility for the free or reduced-cost meal programs, and family SES on children’s BMI (Li, & Hooker, 2010). Issues such as parent education and activity level in addition to child television and video game use are noted as possible associative factors that may lead to childhood obesity. The research further illustrates the implications for school health policy and its need for wellness curricula to promote healthy eating and physical exercise (Li, & Hooker, 2010). By examining the background and methodology used in the creation of this study, one can see how the data was used to help formulate and prove the hypotheses giving a greater understanding of the research process.

The Importance Of Art - 856 Words

Art is all around us, it’s everywhere you go: cartoons, buildings, photography, even the architecture of streets and sidewalks. There are many forms of art, and it doesnt have to be just drawing or painting, it can also be singing, acting, poetry, fashion, etc. All of these talents are an embodiment of expression, it allows individuals to explore their creativity and enhances their learning abilities. Without art everything would be black and white, there would be no substance. In today’s age, not many people notice or appreciate any type of artwork. As an artist and an actress, creativity has always been my strong suit. When I’m on stage or drawing it’s like I’m telling a story. People take art for granted, it’s very disappointing how†¦show more content†¦Individuals who experience trauma or loss had an impact on their artistic thinking, for example, Frida Kahlo. John Lennon. Paul McCartney. Truman Capote. Robin Williams. Jerry Garc ia, some of the most revered creative minds in modern history have experienced major trauma. Psychologists call this phenomenon â€Å"post-traumatic growth.† When an individual experiences a major loss, the brain explores its own creative escape as part of â€Å"rebuilding† themselves, especially as our perspectives, priorities, and ways of thinking shift around. Post-traumatic growth has been explored in hundreds of scientific studies, including a 2004 study in the Journal of Traumatic Stress showing that 70% of survivors experienced some kind of positive psychological change after a traumatic experience. Art is extremely helpful with teen development. Since teenagers minds and emotions are so complex it is hard for them to express it directly to others. Adolescents go through times where they don’t feel accepted. Art is the ultimate form of expression which is why some teens who have a creative mind are able to revert to their talent, it could be through music, clothing, photography, painting, etc. Art can be therapeutic to those who are capable of tapping into their creative side, it could be the solution to their problem if they are able to understand the purpose of art. The creativity of adolescentsShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Art1760 Words   |  8 PagesThe question of how valuable art is, is something that has been debated for hundreds of years; as well as the that art has to have a purpose. People have used the arts for religious or political purposes for far longer than the idea that art can be for its own sake. For instance, in ancient Greece and Rome art was us ed for religious and political purposes and was not made for pure enjoyment. Also, within the early christian church it was seen as a tool for religious purposes. 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